To describe basic examination techniques for strabismus (e.g., ductions and versions, cover and uncover testing, alternate cover testing, prism cover testing).
To describe basic visual development and visual assessment of the pediatric ophthalmology patient (e.g., central, steady, maintained fixation; illiterate E, Allen cards, Landolt C rings).
To describe basic anatomy and physiology of strabismus (e.g., innervation of extraocular muscles,primary actions, comitant and incomitant deviations, overaction and underaction, restrictive and paretic, saccades and pursuit movements).
To describe basic sensory adaptations for binocular vision (e.g., normal and anomalous retinal correspondence, suppression, horopter, Panum’s area, fusion, stereopsis).
To describe and recognize pseudostrabismus.
To describe basics of binocular sensory testing (e.g., Titmus stereo testing, Randot stereo testing, Worth 4-dot, Bagolini lenses, afterimage testing).
To describe different etiologies of amblyopia (e.g., deprivation, ametropic, strabismic,anisometropic, organic).
To describe etiologies of esotropia (e.g., congenital, comitant and incomitant, accommodative and non-accommodative, decompensated, sensory, neurogenic, myogenic, neuromuscular junction, restrictive, nystagmus blockage syndrome, spasm of the near, monofixation syndrome, consecutive).
To describe etiologies of exotropia (e.g., congenital, comitant and incomitant, decompensated, sensory, neurogenic, myogenic, neuromuscular junction, restrictive, basic, divergence excess, exophoria, convergence insufficiency).
To describe various strabismus patterns (e.g., A or V pattern).
To describe etiologies, evaluation, and management of vertical strabismus (e.g., neurogenic, myogenic, neuromuscular junction, oblique overaction, dissociated vertical deviation, restrictive).
To describe non-surgical treatment of strabismus.
To describe different forms of childhood nystagmus.
To describe features, classification, and treatment indications for retinopathy of prematurity.
To describe etiologies and types of pediatric cataracts.
To describe and recognize ocular findings in child abuse (e.g., retinal hemorrhages) and appropriately refer to child protective services or other authorities.
To describe common hereditary or congenital ocular motility or lid syndromes (e.g., Duane syndrome, Marcus Gunn jaw winking, Brown syndrome).
To describe typical features of retinoblastoma.
To describe basic features of dyslexia.
To describe basic evaluation of decreased vision in infants and children (e.g., retinopathy of prematurity, hereditary retinal disorders, congenital glaucoma, measles, vitamin A deficiency).
To describe ocular findings in chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., Trisomy 21, Trisomy 13, Trisomy 18, Short arm 11 deletion, Long arm 13 deletion, Cri du Chat, Turner).
To describe recognizable causes of blindness in infants (e.g., albinism, optic nerve hypoplasia, achromatopsia, Leber’s congenital amaurosis, retinal dystrophy, congenital optic atrophy).
To describe etiology, evaluation, and management of congenital infections (e.g., toxoplasmosis, rubella, cytomegalovirus, syphilis, herpes).
To describe and recognize the common causes of pediatric uveitis.
Patient Care
To perform an extraocular muscle examination based on knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of ocular motility.
To assess ocular motility using ductions and versions testing.
To perform basic measurement of strabismus (e.g., Hirschberg, Krimsky, cover testing, prism cover testing, simultaneous prism cover test, alternate cover testing, Parks-Bielschowsky three-step test, Maddox rod testing, double Maddox rod testing).
To perform assessment of vision in the neonate, infant, and child.
To recognize and apply in a clinical setting the following skills in the ocular motility examination (simple, advanced)
Stereoacuity testing
Accommodative convergence/accommodation ratio (e.g., heterophoria method, gradient method)
Tests of binocularity and retinal correspondence
Cycloplegic refraction (retinoscopy)
Anterior and posterior segment examination
Basic and advanced measurement of strabismus
Cover test measurement
Assessment of vision
Teller acuity cards
Fixation preference test
Standard subjective visual acuity tests
Induced tropia test
To perform extraocular muscle surgery including:
Recession
Resection
To assist a primary surgeon performing
Muscle weakening (e.g., tenotomy) and strengthening (e.g., tuck) procedures
